In 2005, it was first applied in the form of suspension eye drops (AMEED®) for corneal ulcer treatment to overcome the invasive procedure of suturing the Amnio-M graft. To facilitate its application, commercial products of the Amnio-M in the form of suspension are becoming recently available. In 1997, Güler and Ercan were the first to test lyophilized (freeze-dried and sterile) Amnio-M in mandibular vestibuloplasty in which they reported potent angiogenic effect. The use of the cryopreserved Amnio-M to reconstruct ulcerated cornea in 11 patients achieved a more than 90% success rate. In an effort to preserve its biological and physical properties, Kim and Tseng proposed cryopreservation of the Amnio-M at − 80 ☌. In 1986, the Amnio-M provided an excellent alternative to split skin graft to reconstruct the vagina in vulvovaginoplasty. Later, in the early eighties, the Amnio-M was used as an adjuvant to autografts in chronic skin ulcers and to prepare for subsequent skin autograft applications, resulting in successful skin healing. The Amnio-M was dried using in an oven or an autoclave and referred to as “amnioplastin,” and used to prevent meningocerebral adhesions and posttraumatic epilepsy.
In the same year, Chao, Humphreys successfully used the Amnio-M to reconstruct the dura in experimental severe head injury with dural perforation. In 1940, De Rötth proposed its usage as the ideal material to replace damaged conjunctiva instead of the mouth mucous membrane, based on its thin, smooth, and transparent structure that mimics the conjunctiva native tissue. Historically, the applications of the Amnio-M in medical therapy started in the early 1900, when Davis proposed its application in skin transplantation. Cells of the Amnio-M are essential for regulating the development of the embryo by providing several cytokines and growth factors and contributing to the extracellular matrix (ECM) production. These layers comprise two types of cells: the amniotic epithelial cells (AECs) and the amniotic mesenchymal stromal cells (AMSCs). The latter consists of a compact layer, a fibroblast layer, and finally, a spongy outer layer. The Amnio-M comprises three layers, an epithelial layer toward the fetus, a basement membrane, and a stroma. The most inner part of the placenta in direct contact with the fetus is called the amniotic membrane (Amnio-M).
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